「釋義」

在心理學中，框架效應是一種認知偏差，最早在1981年由阿摩司·特沃斯基與丹尼爾·卡內曼提出。框架效應的意義是，面對同一個的問題，在使用不同的描述後，人們會選擇乍聽之下較有利或順耳的描述作為方案。當以獲利的方式提問時，人們傾向於避免風險；當以損失的方式提問時，人們傾向於冒風險。

「應用場景」

成見使我們認為，在某些方面有相似之處的事或人之間，一定存在其他相似點（心理學上稱為“代表性啟發”）。自我中心讓我們產生偏見，把個人偏好誇大成普遍現象。沉沒成本誤區讓我們在泥潭裡越陷越深，因為投入越多越不想放棄。框架效應指的是，表述方式的差異會影響我們所做的決定。比如，當一個人面臨手術決策時，他更願意聽到“90%的人在5年後能存活”而非“10%的人5年後會死亡”，前者的表述更容易讓人做出手術決策。

Overconfidence leads us to believe that our forecasts are more accurate and precise than in fact they are. The availability heuristic leads us to seize on whatever springs most readily to mind, because it is memorable or we recently experienced it. The representativeness heuristic leads us to believe that things or events or people that are similar in one way are similar in other ways, too. Egocentric bias leads us to exaggerate the extent to which our tastes and preferences are typical. The sunk-cost fallacy leads us to stick with a hopeless project because we have already invested so much in it. Framing effects influence our decisions according to the semantics of how the options are presented. (For example, people are more likely to agree to an operation if they are told that 90% of people are alive after five years than if they are told that 10% of people are dead after five years.)