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本文分享一篇对代孕的生物学上的解释2021 Jan.

1什么是代孕行为？

代孕，初衷是一种生育治疗方法，妇女为其他人怀孕。怀孕的妇女被称为妊娠载体，提供精子或卵子的父母称为预期父母（这里的“提供”不仅限于自己的，也可以是从捐赠处获得）。对于妊娠代孕，一个或多个胚胎将通过体外受精产生，并转移到妊娠载体的子宫。[Surrogacy is a fertility treatment whereby a woman carries a child for someone else. While the woman who bears the pregnancy is referred to as a gestational carrier, by someone else we refer to the intended, prospective, or commissioning parents. For gestational surrogacy, one or more embryos are created through IVF, and transferred to the womb of the gestational carrier.]胚胎是根据“父母”的要求“创造”出来的，将尽可能利用他们的卵子和精子来创造胚胎。如果没有办法提供，将会使用捐赠的卵子或精子。[The embryo or embryos are created upon the request of the intended parents—as long as possible, their desire will be to use their eggs and sperms for the creating of the embryo(s). If this was impossible, using donor eggs or sperm would be the option of choice.]预期父母将在孩子出生后继续抚养孩子，按照他们与妊娠载体签订的代孕协议所规定：代孕者同意为他们接生一个孩子，并放弃了孩子的所有抚养权。[The intended parents will keep the baby following birth, as stated in the surrogacy agreement that they signed with the gestational carrier, in which the surrogate agreed to deliver a baby for them, thereby waiving all maternity rights to the child.]

2什么是代孕人？

首先，我们应该区分代理孕母和妊娠携带者，这两个术语经常交替使用，但实际上并不一定一样。[Firstly, we should learn to distinguish between a surrogate and a gestational carrier, two terms that are often used interchangeably but actually do not mean the same. What follows is the definition of each:]代理孕母人（Surrogate）：捐出卵子并随后怀上孩子的人（但她并非孩子出生后的母亲）。换句话说，她的基因与婴儿有关。只有部分或传统的代孕安排(即使用 IUI 代孕)才可使用。[Someone who donates her egg and subsequently carries the child. In other words, she is genetically linked to the baby. It should be used only if you enter into a partial or traditional surrogacy arrangement (i.e. surrogacy using IUI). ]妊娠携带者（Gestational carrier）：一个怀孕的人，但是和她怀的孩子没有任何血缘关系。取而代之的是使用预期的父母或捐赠者的卵子和精子(即surrogacy using IVF 试管婴儿代孕). 【ZS事件属于这个】[Someone who carries the pregnancy but is in no way biologically related to the baby she is carrying. Instead, eggs and sperm from the intended parents or donors are used.]注意：如果一对夫妻，丈夫提供精子，妻子提供卵子，体外受精后移植回这对夫妻的妻子子宫内，妻子怀孕并生下孩子的话，这属于怀孕，并不属于代孕！世界卫生组织(世卫组织)早在2001年提出的定义:妊娠携带者是指通过第三方精子和卵母细胞受精而怀孕的妇女。她怀孕的目的是或同意由产生配子的一方或双方抚养后代。[A gestational carrier is a woman in whom a pregnancy resulted from fertilization with third-party sperm and oocytes. She carries the pregnancy with the intention or agreement that the offspring will be parented by one or both of the persons that produced the gametes.]

3代孕行为的种类

取决于捐献卵细胞的人，我们可以分为传统代孕和妊娠代孕。[Depending on the person contributing the egg cells, we can distinguish between traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy.]根据预期母亲是否使用自己的卵子或捐赠的卵子，有传统代孕和妊娠代孕两种：[Based on whether the intended mother uses her own eggs or donor eggs, we can define traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy as follows:]传统代孕：代孕母亲是孩子的亲生母亲。[Partial, traditional, or genetic surrogacy：The surrogate is the biological mother of the child born as a result.]从技术角度来看，这种代孕方式比妊娠代孕更简单，因为代孕者使用自己的卵子。因此，不需要体外受精，而是宫腔内人工授精(IUI)。她可以用捐赠的精子或预定男士的精子受精。这种代孕方式现在已经不再使用了。[This type of surrogacy arrangement is simpler than gestational surrogacy from the technical point of view, as the surrogate uses her own egg. For this reason, IVF is not the fertility treatment of choice but intrauterine insemination (IUI). She can be inseminated with donor sperm or sperm from the intended parent. This type of surrogacy has fallen into disuse nowadays.]妊娠代孕：这意味着代孕妈妈只是带着婴儿，不用她的卵细胞，因此这个术语 妊娠载体 的作用是怀孕和生产婴儿，婴儿只是与预期父母或捐赠者有遗传上的联系。[Full, host, or gestational surrogacy：It means that the surrogate just carries the baby, without using her egg cells, and for that reason the term gestational carrieris more accurate. The role of a GC is to carry the pregnancy and deliver the baby, who is genetically related to the intended parents or donors, if necessary.]卵子通过 IVF（精子和卵子放在一起自己结合） 或 ICSI （手动将精子注射进卵子）受精，然后由此产生的胚胎移植到妊娠携带者的子宫。从技术的角度来看，这种路线比较复杂。[The egg is fertilized by means of IVF or ICSI, and the resulting embryo transferred to the uterus of the GC. From a technological perspective, this option involves a higher degree of complexity.]

4关于代孕的争论

代孕是一种有争议的生育治疗方法，这已不是秘密。尽管从技术角度来看，这只不过是另一个试管受精过程，但国际上对于是否应该允许或禁止，以及在多大程度上尊重人权，仍存在着重大争议。[It is no secret that surrogacy is a controversial fertility treatment. Even though, from the technical viewpoint, it is nothing but another IVF process, there is a major international debate on whether it should be allowed or banned, and the extent to which it respects human rights.]代孕的支持者认为，对于那些无法自然实现代孕的人来说，这是另一种成为父母的方式。这是一种妇女“捐赠”自由和自愿怀孕能力的正当方法。因此，只要她作为妇女的权利以及儿童和准父母的权利得到尊重，代孕就不能被认为是不道德的，因为它不违背人的尊严，也不侵犯任何人权。[Proponents of surrogacy arrangements see it as another way of becoming parents for those who cannot achieve it naturally. It is just a method whereby a woman "donates" her ability to become pregnant freely and voluntarily. Thus, as long as her rights as a woman are respected, as well as the rights of the child and the parents-to-be, surrogacy cannot be considered immoral, as it is not contrary to human dignity, and no human right is violated.]另一方面，反对者认为代孕等于剥削女性。此外，它还还将儿童商品化。[On the other side of the coin, those who are against considering that being a surrogate equals exploitation of women. Moreover, it translates into the commodification of children.]代孕仍然是一个有争议的生育选择，因为它涉及到多个伦理问题。他在一定程度上帮助了部分不孕不育患者以及想拥有一个孩子的特殊家庭，但同时也带来了很多遗传学，历史，宗教等问题。目前世界上合法代孕的也就只有寥寥几个国家，而且价格昂贵，如果是同性恋办理代孕则国家更少。当然，在我国严格禁止各种形式的代孕！详情在阅读更多查看原文链接。

纯真学者出神入化

这是一群致力于科研传播的faculty & PhD记录分享点滴思考的平台，这里有我们在各自领域（机器学习，医疗影像，材料科学，凝聚态物理，生物信息，光学成像等）涉猎研究的点滴感悟，有我们在国内，海外求学工作奋斗的酸甜苦辣，亦有偶尔的风月和我们的诗与远方。——纯真学者团队