英语家教老师又来分享知识点啦！这一期是高中英语语法，纯干货，建议收藏哦～

一、冠 词

【要点点拨】

一．不定冠词中的主要用法：

1.表“一个”“每一个”（=per）“某一个”（=a certain / some）,如: eight hours a day; a Mr. Smith

2.a / an +抽象名词表示具体的人或物（如：a pleasure / success / failure/ comfort / shame等）;

a / an +某些物质名词表示 “一阵” “一份”等,如: a heavy rain;

3. a / an +有些名词= the same+ n. 如: The students standing there are of an age (= of the same age.)

手动码字不易，点个小爱心鼓励一下小籼吧～

二．定冠词的主要用法:

（一）1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词);

2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中;

（二）1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前: the universe; the sun; the moon; He invented the wheel;

2.乐器名词前: play the violin;

3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按……”: by the dozen / yard / hour;

4.与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人): the old / sick / Chinese;

（三）1.用於姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人: the Browns

2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代” : in the 1990s

（四）1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前： the Yellow Sea; the English Channel; the Rocky Mountains;

2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前：the Song Dynasty ; the World Trade Center; the People’s Daily; the Times;

（五）1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:my first visit to the Great Wall) ;

2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级): He is the taller of the twins;

3.句型”the+比较级……,the+比较级”中:The higher you stand, the farther you’ll see.

三．不用冠词的场合:

（一）1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时);

2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:in winter / in the winter of 2000 ; on Sunday / on a Sunday in May);

3.三餐饭前(比较:have lunch / have a big lunch);

4.球类或棋类名词前(play cards / chess);

5.表示学科的名词前;

6.by+交通工具的名词前(by car =in a car);

7.表示节假日的名词前(但:the Mid-Autumn Festival或可说成Mid-Autumn Day);

（二）1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略);

2.指家中雇佣的cook, nurse, teacher等时不用冠词并且大写:He was made monitor of our class; What’s the matter, Grandpa?

（三）1.动词turn后的名词前不用冠词（但become后接可数名词单数时要加冠词）: turn doctor=become a doctor;

2.word表示 “消息” “诺言”时不用冠词: leave word / keep one’s word / a man of his word;

3.man表示 “人类”时不用冠词;

4.连词as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词;

（四）在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:Nanjing Road; Tian An Men Square; Hyde Park (但:the People’s Park); Yale University ( the University of Yale)

（五）下列短语中有无冠词意义大不一样:

at (the) table; in (the) prison; at (the) sea; by (the) sea ; by (the) hand; go to (the) hospital; on (the) earth; out of (the) question; by (the) day; in (the) front of ; (the) three of us; the / a number of; have a word/ words with sb.; a singer and (a) dancer ; a knife and (a)fork ; a / the second time ; a / the most beautiful city

四．冠词的位置:

1.all / both / half / many / double / such / what / quite+ 冠词+(形容词)+名词:

half the books ; many a student ; such a fine day; What a lovely present! quite a big meal

2.as / so / how / too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you

二、名 词

【要点点拨】

可数名词的复数构成规则:

1.规则变化:

加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves;

(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes

(2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如: some VIPs (VIP’s); in his 50s / 50’s; in the 1990s / 1990’s; There are two t’s in the word “letter”.

2.不规则变化:

men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;

单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类);

(3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器);

(4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law

(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans, humans)

不可数名词

1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle

2.不可数名词具体化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.

名词的所有格：

1.表示有生命的名词后加’s, 如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s: Jack and Tom’s room(两人共有的房间); Jack’s and Tom’s rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;

(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s: China’s industry; today’s paper; ten minutes’ walk)

2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunt’s (house); at the doctor’s (office); go to the chemist’s (shop);

3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +…..’s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；

比较：

a friend of her mother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）

a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）

a picture of his brother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)

a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）

名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；

(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors;

(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：

a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师

a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表

英语中”很多”的表达:

只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of

只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of)

既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of

三、代 词

【要点点拨】

1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he / she / those / anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用who, 指物时用that。

e.g. Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises.

He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

Anything that benefits the people will be accepted.

2、all ( both, every, each)…… not = not all ( both, every, each) 构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none, neither, no one ( nothing)

e.g. Not all the students could understand his explanation.

Each child can not go to school in the mountain village.

3、 含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebody else’s, anybody else’s, nobody else’s ;

who else’s = whose else

4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物） 、he（指人） 、they（指人、物）

e.g. Everyone knows how to do it, doesn’t he/ don’t they?

all 作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。

身代词：by oneself: 亲自、独自、自动地； of oneself: 自动地； be oneself: 身体好 help oneself (to…): 自助、自己拿……； in itself: 本质上、就其本身而言。

e.g. The man is too old to live by himself. / The door closed of itself.

I’m not quite myself today. / The question in itself is not very difficult.

6. 用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。

e.g. —- Who is knocking at the door? —- Me, Tom.

7. The rest、The remainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。

e.g. I have read half of the book. The rest is to be finished in a week.

Several people were saved, but the remainder were still inside the burning house.

区别以下几组词：

1、none, nothing, no one(nobody)

none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以How many/ How much…?

引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。

e.g. —- How many sheep did you see on the hill? —- None.

—- Please give me some ink. —- Sorry, there is none(no ink) left.

None of the students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed

nothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事

e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on the hills.

Nothing did he say and he went home silently.

no one= nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。

e.g. —- Who broke the window? —- No one. It broke of itself.

2、it / they， one / ones， the one / the ones ，that / those

it / they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；

e.g. He bought a pen. It cost him 50 yuan. / He has two brothers. They are both workers.

one / ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指; 还可以泛指人。

e.g. —- Do you have a camera? —- No, but my father has one.

A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood.

One can not be too careful when crossing the road.

the one / the ones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。

e.g. —- I’m looking for a pen. —- How do you like the one in the box?

—- Who are the boys? —- You mean the ones playing basketball?

that / those： “that” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数= the one或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数= the ones，以避免重复。

e.g. The price of a pen is often higher than that of a pencil.

The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.

The students in Class Two are more hard-working than those(the ones) in Class One.

3、some / any, everybody / anybody

习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和 anybody用于疑问、否定句。

但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。 e.g. Is everybody pleased with the show?

试比较：Do you have any water? (对water持怀疑态度)

—- Do you like some more water? —- No, thanks. (对water持肯定态度)

any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。

e.g. —- When shall we meet again? —- Any time you like.

Anybody here knows how to treat a stranger.

who / whoever , what / whatever , which / whichever, whom / whomever

who / what / which/ whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever / whatever / whichever /whomever 是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。

e.g. Who will teach us English is still unknown.

Whoever did it will be punished. / Whoever did it, he will be punished.

What would you do if you had that sum of money? / Whatever you do, do it well.

5、other / others; the other / the others ; another

other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any, some, no 等连用。

e.g. He is no other but Tom. / These are all we have, we have no other(s).

others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。

e.g. Some people like fishing, some like boating, others skating.

the other: 与one连用，构成词组：one…the other：指两者中“一个……另一个……”

the others: 指在一定范围中的“其余的”。

e.g. In our class some students are good at maths, some are good at Chinese, the others are good at physics.

another: 是形容词，“另一个、在一个”，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。

e.g. We stayed in New York for another three weeks. / Please have another apple.

当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。

e.g. After eating an apple, I had another (one).

6、all ; both ; each ; every ; either

all：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

e.g. There are trees on each side / both sides of the river.

Each of us has a chance to go to university.

We each have a dictionary.

every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。

either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。

e.g. If you keep still, you can sit on either end of the boat.

I don’t like either of them. Do you have any other blouse?

四、介 词

【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：

A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。

He hasn’t come for a month .(for 持续时间)

The day is warm for April .（for 就……而言）

B. 要突破几个关键介词in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .

1 . 表示时间的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;

2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over

3．表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;

4． 表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;

5. 表示关于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;

6. 表示根据：on ; according to ;

7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的区别

8．between 和among

9．besides ;except ; but ;except for

10．in 和with

C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。

1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc.

2. 与on 有关的：mercy , congratulations

3. 与at有关的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;

4. 与of 有关的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ;

5. 与with 有关的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;

6. 与to 有关的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;

7. 与for 有关的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;

8. 与from 有关的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .

五、形容词和副词

【要点点拨】

一: 形容词

作定语

1). 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：

限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等）＋描绘性形容词（beautiful, interesting…）＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧＋颜色＋国籍、地区、出处＋材料性质＋用途、类别＋名词中心词。

a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk

the man’s first two interesting little red French oil paintings

2) 定语后置

A）形容词短语作定语 a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

B）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a child asleep, the greatest man alive

C） 修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时 eg. Is there anything interesting in today’s newspaper?

D）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。What else do you know?

E）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。

2. 作表语

1)系表结构。 与系动词 be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep. smell，taste，sound，turn，remain , go, come, stay, stand, run, prove等连用

2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive以及well , ill(生病) ，fond, sorry, unable, worth, glad, sure 等

注意：以a-起首的词除了作后置定语外还作补语。eg. Keep the fish alive

修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast / sound asleep, very much afraid

3. 作状语

形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如：

He went to bed, cold and hungry.

Afraid of troubles，he would not accept the duty.

4. 复合形容词

1）形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted好心的，fair-haired金发的

2)形容词 + 形容词 red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的

3）形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的

4）副词 + 现在分词 hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的

5）副词 + 过去分词 hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的

6）名词 + 形容词 life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的

7）名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的

8）名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆蓋的，hand-made手工的

9）数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的

10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数） ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的

二：副词

1．频度副词如often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, rarely, frequently, occasionally等在be动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。eg.

We usually go shopping once a week./ He is always ready to help others.

2。多个副词同时出现的顺序

方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词 / 小的时间/地点＋大的时间/地点

三：比较形容词和副词

1. 形容词＋ly, 有时会构成意义完全不同的副词

hard(困难的)—hardly（几乎不）　　dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)

late(晚的)—lately(最近)　　　　fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)

２．注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的．例如： l) close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地

2) free免费地 freely自由地，无拘束地

3) hard努力地 hardly几乎不

4) late晚，迟 lately近来

5) most极，非常 mostly主要地

6) wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地

7) high高 highly高度地，非常地

8) deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”

9) loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)

10) near邻近 nearly几乎

３.以-ly结尾的形容词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、manly、 timely等。eg. （×） He spoke to me very friendly.（∨） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

四：比较级和最高级

构成 ：

大部分双音节词、加后缀构成的词（如slowly, useful）、源于分词的形容词（如tired）、所有的多音节词，加more构成比较级，加the most构成最高级， 副词的最高级可省去the.请注意：作表语的形容词最高级前，如果不是和别人、他物相比，常不加the.

eg. We are busiest on Monday.

2．修饰比较级、最高级的程度词

even / still / rather

much / far/ a lot/ a great deal ＋比较级

a little/ a bit

We are working still harder now. 现在我们工作更加努力。

2) 数词+ 名词＋比较级

eg. He is two inches taller than his father.

他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说He is taller than his father by two inches. )

She could not take a step further. 她一步也不能走了。

3) 比较级＋by far

在前面，应在二者中间加“ the”．如: He is taller by far than his brother.

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

4) the second/ third ＋最高级

by far

3. 无比较级和最高级的形容词

有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,因此没有比较级和最高级．常见的有：right, wrong, perfect, possible, impossible, mistaken, dead, favourite等。这些词不能被程度副词修饰，但可以被quite(完全地)，completely等修饰。eg. quite right/ impossible，　completely dead.

4. 和冠词连用

　　the ＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物

　　the ＋　形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two

a/ an ＋形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.

( a) ＋most＋形容词最高级　“非常…”　eg. a most beautiful city

5. 相关结构

原级比较：肯定句 as….as…., 否定句not so / as….as…..

比较句： 比较级 ＋than….或more (less) ….than…..

The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)

比较级＋ and＋比较级 或 more and more＋比较级 “越来越… ”

richer and richer, more and more interesting

The more….., the more…..“越…， 越…”

The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.

5) 比较级＋than any other ＋n. （单） （适用于范围一致时）

(all) other ＋n.（复）

any ＋n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时）

He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class.

any student in my class.

6) 倍数表达法。

A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.

A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.

A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.

用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.

The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。

Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。

Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

7) more…than…结构，其意往往是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。

That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。

She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.

她是贤妻，更是良母。

8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系

Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。

9) no more than= only “只不过”，言其少

not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”，指事实。

no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式

not more…than… 不比…更…

　　no less than= as much as “多达”

　no fewer than= as many as

eg. I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。

I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。

He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。

He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。(no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)

He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)

10) 最高级＋of/ in/ among….

He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in his class.

五．相关词语辨析

1.very 和much

A）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；,much修饰比较级；　修饰动词用much或very much ,eg. I very like English.(×),应改为：I like English very much.

B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..

C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exciting

D）too前用much/ far ,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。 We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.　

E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. eg. be well worth doing, be well above the tree

2. so和such

A)so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。

so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …

so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …

so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …

such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …

such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …

such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …

注意： 但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。

B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two +such+n. eg. no such word

3. be too much + n.

be much too+ adj.

be too much for sb. 对…太过分了

4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”

You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好。

六、动词时态、语态

【要点点拨】

一、时态

现在进行时用法注意点：

1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括（1）be和have,或者含有be 和have意义的动词，如：belong to, contain, depend on, own, possess等；（2）feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词；（3）hear, see, find等表示结果的动词；（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe, love, want, understand, wish等；

2.进行时态和副词always, forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；

一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：

1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：

She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)

She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）

2.过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩；

He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)

表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人

说话人说话之前已考虑过的

主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事

不能用于含有条件句的主句中

will

表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”

说话人说话时刻才考虑到的

表示客观规律必然发生的

可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”

be to

表示安排、计划要做的事

与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话

表示命令，相当于should / must

表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”

be about to

表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be about to…..when”结构；

还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；

将来进行时与将来完成时：

1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will / shall be doing

2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will / shall have done,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；

如：I’ll be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorrow.

By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.

现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：

1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have, keep-borrow, die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等；

2.注意have / had been to与have/ had gone to的区别；

3.现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，如：

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.

4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；

5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等；

I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行； 结构：have (has) / had been doing

比较：They have repaired the road.(表示路已修好)

They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）

有时两者可替换：She has taught in this middle school for ten years.

She has been teaching in this school for ten years.

注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish, go, marry等；

某些固定句型中时态是固定的：

1.This / That / It is the first time +从句（用现在完成时）

2.It’s / has been +一段时间+since从句（用过去时）

3.Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句（用过去时）

4.It will be +一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/ It was +一段时间+before从句（用过去时）

5. It’s time+从句（用过去时或should do）

6.would rather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）

It’s getting late. I’d rather you took a taxi there.

The film was boring. I’d rather I hadn’t gone to see it.

二、语态

1.动词sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn, run等与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；

2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；

3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗尽）, go out（熄灭）, come out（出版）, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur等；

4.当want, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；

5.be worth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；

6.不定式to let（出租）, to blame（该受责备）表示被动意义；

7.在“主语+be+形容词（for sb.）+to do”结构中，to do用主动形式；

8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式to do（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与to do为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：I have a meeting to attend.

七、情态动词

【要点点拨】

1. 表示请求和允许: can, could , may, might. 过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。

— Could I use your computer tomorrow morning?

— Yes, you can.( 否定回答可用：No, I’m afraid not.)

2．表示推测：

1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.

Children can be very tiring.

2)反意问句。 He may know the plan, doesn’t he?

You must have studied English before, haven’t you?

You can’ t have been caught in the rain last night, were you?

3．could & be able to

在肯定句中could表示过去有“能力”做，was / were able to表示过去有能力而且确实做成了某一件事， 相当于managed to do…或succeeded in doing sth.

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.

4. may / might as well do sth “还是…好”、“不妨”

You might as well tell me the truth. 你还是把真相告诉我的好。

5. must和have to

1) must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而have to强调客观需要。

2）否定形式含义不同。mustn’t禁止，不许可，don’t have to不必

3) must 偏要（做令人不快的事）eg. Must you shout so loudly?

6. shall和should

表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第一、三人称。

When shall my father be able to leave hospital?

shall 2)表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。

You shall go with me (命令) / You shall have the book when I finish it.（允诺）

He shall be punished （威胁）/ Nothing shall stop me from doing it. (决心)

表示劝告和建议“应该”

“按道理应当”“估计”(=ought to)

They should be there by now, I think.

3） 用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。

I should advise you not do that.我倒是劝你别这样做。

should 4） 在条件句中表示“万一”，主句不一定用虚拟语气。

Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. /Should I be free tomorrow, I’ll come.

5） Why / How + should 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思， 意为“竟然”，也用在某些从句中。

It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。

7. will 和would

表示意志和意愿。will 指现在，would指过去。

If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice.

表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will (Would ) you please pass me the book?

表示习惯性动作，“总是”“惯于”，will指现在，would指过去。

Fish will die without water.

Every evening, she would sit by the window, deep in thought.

4). 表示功能， 意为“能” 或“行” The machine won’t work.

5) 表示预料或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.猜想他离开家时大约十点。

8. would & used to

表示过去持续的状态和情况用used to; would不与表示状态的动词连用。

There used to be a hospital here. / There would be a hospital here.( ×)

would 常与often, sometimes, for hours等表示时间的副词（短语）连用。

We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.

used to 强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在却不这样了”的含义. eg. He will not spend the money on books as he used to.

9. dare 和need

两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语I dare say（可能，或许，我揣测）除外。实义动词用法同于一般动词。但在否定句中，dare 后的to可省略，即：don’t / doesn’t dare (to ) do…. need 作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省略。

He dare go there alone. ( ×) He dares to go there.

He dares not go there alone. ( ×) He dare not go there alone . / He doesn’t dare ( to ) go there alone.

He stood there without daring lift his head.(×) He stood there without daring to lift his head.

10．情态动词+ have done,表示过去 比较： 情态动词+ do , 表示现在或将来。

cf. needn’t have done & didn’t need to do…

She need not have come yesterday. 她昨天本不必要来的。（但却来了）

She didn’t need to come yesterday. 她昨天不必来。（实际上也没来）

八、 主谓一致

【要点点拨】

英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one , nothing ,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。

Neither of the two sentences is correct .

Everything around us is matter .

(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)

None of them owns/own a car .

Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.

All are here. And all that can be done has been done.

2 ：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。

Five minutes is enough .

Four hundred francs is a lot of money .

3：each …and each …，every …and every ;no …and no ;many a …and many a …等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。

Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary .

No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .

4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。

To say something is one thing , to do it is another .（to say something , to do 是不定式）

“How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do ?是句子，作主语）

(注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)

What we need is more time ,while what they need are more doctors and medicines .

5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。

One and half bananas is left on the table .

6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。

The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month .

Bread and butter is my usual breakfast .

7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。

The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city .

8：名词由and 或both …and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。

Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .

9：people , public , police , cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。

The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.

考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。

Your trousers are too long, but these shoes fit you quite well.

但有a pair of 连接时，谓语动词使用单数。

A pair of gloves is a nice present for her.

11: 不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。

Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.

12: 在or , either —or — , neither— nor — ,not only — but also — , not — but — , there be 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。

Either the teacher or the students are to blame.

Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.

13 : 下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致: as well as ; rather than ; like ; except ; besides ; with ; along with ; including ; such — as— ;;

No one but Jack and Mary knows about it .

I as well as they am ready to help you .

14：some of ; plenty of ; a lot of ; most of ; the rest of ; all(of ) ; half (of );分数或百分之+of +名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。

A lot of students are waiting outside .And lots of the time has been wasted .

More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water .

Ten percent of the apples are bad .

The rest of the story needs no telling .

He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play .

15：由a kind of ; this kind of ; many kinds of 和名词+ of this kind 等以及与kind 意思相近的type , sort 等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。

This kind of apple sells well in China .

Apples of this kind are highly priced .

16：more than 开头的句子，看其后面的名词。

More than one answer is written on the blackboard .

More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle .

17: 定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of +复数名词+who/ that 引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。

This is one of the best books that have appeared this year.

She is the only one of those women who doesn’t know a thing about knitting(编织) .

18: population ; company ; class . team ; family ; group ; nation ; world ; government 等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。

Our family has a reunion every year .

His family are waiting for him .

19 ：the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。

The rich are for the plan , but the poor are against it .

The true is to be distinguished from the false .

真实应与假相区别。(the true / the false表单数概念)

20：a number of + 复数名词 结构应用复数动词。the number of + 复数名词 结构应用单数动词。如：

A number of people were killed and injured in the explosion .

The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海啸) has grown to 160,000.

注：“many a + 单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

九、虚拟语气

【要点点拨】

一：形式为(should) +v.

1．宾语从句中。一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order, command）, 三条建议（advise, suggest, propose）,四项要求（demand, require, request, ask）.还有prefer ，advise等词。

注意：1）suggest和insist有例外

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.（“暗示”“表明”）

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.

2） 这类动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句中也要用(should ) + v.形式。另外，还有plan, idea等词。

2．主语从句中

1) It is necessary / important / strange / natural / a pity / a shame / no wonder … that….

eg. It is strange that he should have acted towards his parents like that.

二：形式为在原本的时态上退一步，即“+过去”

1.在条件句中的运用

1) “混合虚拟条件句”或“错综时间条件句”

主句和从句时间上不一致，从句可以和过去时间相反，主句可以与现在事实相反。

If you had taken my advice just now, you would be better now.

2) if 省略句。在条件句中，可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。

Were I you, I would seize the chance to go abroad.

3) 含蓄条件句

A) with, without, but for 等介词短语代替条件句

But for the rain, the crops would have died. (= If it hadn’t been for the rain)

B) 其他手段

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.（副词）

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）

I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. （连词）

Given more time, we could have done it better. (分词短语)

It would be a mistake not to help him.（动词不定式）

宾语从句中

wish , would rather 后, 但would rather后所跟句子跟现在、将来相反用过去时，跟过去时间相反使用过去完成时。注意：不跟过去将来时。

I would rather you came tomorrow instead of today.我宁愿你明天而不是今天来。

3．as if ( though)引导的从句中

as if 后的从句当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气。试比较：

It looks as if it is going to rain. / He talks as if he had been to America,

4．It is (high ) time that ….. 过去时/ should + v.

5. 用于if only 引导的感叹句中 “但愿，要是…就好了”

十、非谓语动词

非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词、动名词

一、动词不定式

【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：to do 或 do，在句中可作：

1、主语： To build the bridge needs much money.

一般用 It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。

It doesn’t make any difference whether you go today or tomorrow.

2、表语： Their task is to build a railway in a year.

3、宾语： The child pretended to be sleeping / asleep when I came back home.

注意：当不定式作宾语，其后接补语时，我们常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。常见的动词有：think,find, feel, consider, make, believe等。 We think it possible to finish the work in a week.

4、定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。

The building to be built will be used as a hospital.

5、状语：1）目的状语：常见形式有：to…. / in order to…. / so as to….

We got up early in order to catch the first bus.

2）结果状语：常见形式有： too…. to… / so….as to…. / only to….

Would you be so kind as to help me with my English?

He returned home 15 years later, only to find his house burnt down.

6、补语：1）宾补： He asked me to do work with him.

2）主补： She was often heard to sing the song while doing housework.

7、独立结构，在句中作插入语。常用的有：to tell the truth , to be frank , to make things worse…

二、分 词：

【要点点拨】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。

（一）现在分词: 现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作：

1、表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特点，可以看作形容词，是形容词化的现在分词。

The film was very interesting.

2、定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语应放被修饰的名词后，现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。

The singing bird is beautiful.

The girl reading over there (The girl who was reading over there) soon fell asleep.

3、状语：现在分词作状语可分为：

（1）一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生；

（2）完成式(having done)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。

The old man passed away, leaving a lot of debts unpaid.

Having finished (After he had finished) his exercises, he went to play basketball.

4、补语：现在分词作宾语补语，表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作，用于一些常见句型中:

see / hear / feel / notice / have / catch / leave / set / send…. sb. doing sth.

The salesman caught the thief stealing in the shop.

5、独立结构：现在分词短语作独立结构时，是固定说法，不以主动、被动去分析。常见的有：generally speaking, judging from/by, considering…

Generally speaking, he is quite skillful at playing table tennis.

（二）过去分词：过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作：

1、表语：过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态，且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。

e.g. I’m interested in reading novels written by Jin Yong.

注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句

的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。

e.g. The baby sleeping (As the baby was sleeping)in the room, we dared not turn up the TV.（这部分没必要讲，故用不显眼的颜色标出）

2、定语：单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰的名词后

过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。

The broken window (The window which was broken) will be replaced soon.

The books bought yesterday ( which were bought yesterday) are of high quality.

过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：

（1）done….：表示动作已发生；（2）to be done：表示动作将要发生；（3）being done：表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：

The bridge built last year (which was built last year) is very beautiful.

The bridge to be built next month (which will be built next month) will be very long.

The bridge being built (which is being built) will be completed next month.

3、状语：过去分词短语作状语可分为：

（1）一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；

（2）完成式(having been done)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。

Scolded ( As she was scolded) by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.

Having been kept (As he had been kept) in prison for many years, he went mad.

4、补语：过去分词作宾语补语，表示宾语与补语存在被动关系，且常用于have something done / get something done / make oneself done ….等句型中。

e.g. Yesterday he had his watch fixed at the watch-maker’s.

三、动 名 词

【要点点拨】动名词是由动词后+ing的形式构成的，与动词的现在分词同形。它保留了动

词的特征，即：它可以带自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词的特征。

1、主语： Studying English well is no easy job.

注意：1)在下面一些结构中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放于句末。

It is no use / no good / useless / nice / good / fun / interesting ….+ doing sth.

It’s good hearing Chinese, my mother tongue, spoken here.

2)动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：动词不定式作主语表示一个具体的动作，而动名词作主语则表示一个抽象的、一般的概念。

Reading English in the morning is of great use for students.

To read this English book will take much time.

2、表语：动名词作表语是对句子主语的一种说明，主语和动名词可以交换位置，句子的意思不变。这有别于进行时：进行时句中用的是现在分词，表示主语的一个正在进行的动作，主语与现在分词不能交换位置。

What he likes most is playing football. = Playing football is what he likes most.

He is playing football with his friends.

3、宾语：动名词作宾语，表示一种习惯、爱好。

He likes smoking while I like drinking.

注意：动词不定式作宾语，表示一个具体的动作，不表示习惯。

I like smoking, but I don’t like to smoke today, for I’ve got a cold.

有些动词后面不用不定式作宾语，而只用动名词作宾语，请记住以下口诀：memepscarfi: 音译成：妹妹不吃咖啡。这里每个字母代表一个或几个单词：m-miss e-enjoy ; m-mind ;e-escape; p- practise; s- suggest / stand; c- consider / complete; a-admit / allow /advise / appreciate / avoid; r- risk; f- finish ; i- imagine，常用的词都列在里面了。

I highly appreciate your helping the old lady.

动名词还作介词宾语。 I don’t feel like going to the station to meet the guests.

4、定语：动名词作定语，放于被修饰的名词前，表示该的名词的功能，并不表示动作。

e.g. a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping / an operating table = a table for operating

区别：现在分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的一个动作。

e.g. a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping / the running car = the car that is running

另：1) 动名词的复合结构（one’s doing）：表示动名词动作的发出者，在句中可作主语和宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用宾格代替所有格。

e.g. We like Tom’s (Tom) singing the English song.

The little boy’s crying drew our attention.

2) 有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。

doing sth

to do sth

remember

记得做过某事，（动作已发生）

记得去做某事（动作未发生）

forget

忘了做过某事（动作已发生）

忘了去做某事（动作未发生）

regret

后悔过去做过的事

遗憾地去做事

mean

意味着做某事

意欲、打算做某事

try

试着做某事（看会发生什么）

努力、设法、企图做某事

stop

停止做某事

停下来去做另一事

go on

继续原来的事

接着做另一件事

can’t help

禁不住、情不自禁地做某事

无法帮助去做某事

learn

学会做某事

学着、开始学做某事

need / want/require

某事需要被做（= to be done）

需要做某事（主动意思）

It 的用法

（一）作人称代词

1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。

1). You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）

2). Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）

3) They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it.

（it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）

2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。

1).Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面的tree）

2). The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）

3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。

1). —- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. —- Who is it? —- It’s me.

2). —- Who are singing? —- It is the children.

3).The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.

4、one, ones, that, those,it的区别

that替换单数可数名词或不可数名词；one只替换单数的可数名词。

Eg: The vase on the left is more beautiful than the one on the right.

The coffee produced in Brazil is more famous than that in Mexico.

that只用于替换表示事物的名词， 而one/ones替换表示人和表示事物的名词皆可。

Eg:1.) His younger sister is taller than the elder one.

2.)I need those plastic bags, not the paper ones.

that/ those用于替换有定冠词的名词；one/ones用于替换有不定冠词的名词。

Eg: The style of the building is similar to that of a temple.

A CD player made in Japan costs more than one made in Hong Kong.

that/ those一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。one/ones都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的of短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用one/ones而用that of/those of.

Eg: 1) I like the vase better than the one / that in another shop.

2) The windows of your flat are cleaner than those of mine.

3) A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent.

It和one It用以指特定的前面提到过的事物，即：it和它替换的是同一个事物，it前无修饰语；而one用于替换与前提事物有共同之处但并不完全一样的事物，因此，one之前或之后一定有修饰语来加以区别。

Eg: I bought a dictionary three years ago and I am still using it now.

I bought a dictionary three years ago but I am going to buy a new one soon.

（二）作无人称代词

it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。

1). It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).

2). It is noon.

3). It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.

4). It is eighteen square metres in area.

5). What does it matter?

（三）强调句型

用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。

1.强调句型的判断

把“It, be that”去掉，如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整（被强调部分要还原到原位置），那么这个句子就是强调句；如果句子不完整，则不是强调句。

（1）It was at theatre __________ Lincoln was murdered.

where B. at which C. which D. that

（2）It was the theatre _________ Lincoln was murdered.

which B. that C. where D. the one

分别把两句中的“It was”和所填部分去掉，得到以下两句：

1. At the theatre Lincoln was murdered. (Lincoln was murdered at the theatre.)

2.The theatre Lincoln was murdered.

句（1）仍是一个完整的句子，是强调句；句（2）句子不完整，不是强调句，而是含有定语从句的复合句。答案分别为D、C。

2.强调句型7注意:

1). 句首词用“It”，不能用“This”，“That”等。

2). be动词总用单数形式，即is或was，不能用复数形式are或were。

3). 被强调的部分如果是代词，强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。如：

It is him that (who/ whom) I met in the street yesterday.

It is I who am wrong.

4). 连接词一般用that，当强调部分是人时，强调主语也可用who，强调宾语也可用whom或who。

特别注意当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时，不能用when或where。

eg: It was on Oct. 1st, 1949 that People’s Republic of China was founded.

5). 其他部分中的主谓一致问题。

若强调部分是句子的主语，强调部分是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调部分是复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：

It is Mary who often helps me with my English. It is I that am against you.

6). 疑问句的强调结构：

一般疑问句：Is / Was + it + that +句子的其他部分（陈述语序）。

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ is / was + it + that +句子的其他部分（陈述语序）。eg：Was it in 1985 that he graduated from middle school?

When was it that you heard from him last time?

7). 强调句不能强调句子的谓语部分。

强调谓语动词时在动词原形前加助动词do, does, did

eg：I do like the book.

(四)、形式主语it

1.有下面几种类型：

1).Be+形容词+不定式 eg: It’s better to be early.

2).Be+名词+不定式 eg: It was his duty to take care of the orphans.

3).Be+介词短语+不定式 eg: It’s beyond me to say why.

4).It + 及物动词+宾语+不定式 eg: It makes me sick to think about it.

5).Be+名词+动名词 eg:It’s no good standing here in the cold.

6).Be + 形容词+动名词 eg:It’s helpless trying to convince her.

7).其他结构+动名词 eg:It doesn’t matter waiting a few more days.

2.用于由that 引导的主语从句，有下面几种类型：

1).it +be+形容词+that从句： eg: It is natural that they should have different views.

2).it +be+名词+that从句: eg: It’s a shame that you’re sick.

3).it +动词（+宾语）+that从句 eg: It happened that she wasn’t in that day.

4).It+动词的被动语态(said/believed/thought/expected/reported/known+that clause

eg: It’s said that there has been an earthquake in India.

3.用it起始的句型归纳：

1）it +be+形容词+从句： eg: It is not clear to me why he behaved like that.

2）it +be+名词+从句: eg: It’s a puzzle how life began.

3）it +动词（+宾语）+从句 eg: It doesn’t matter much where we live.

4）it +动词的被动语态+从句 eg: It is not decided who will edit it.

5）It +be+一段时间+ since… eg: It is/has been three week since I last heard from him.

6）It is time to do/ that…(谓语用过去时态）eg: It is time for us to give the house a thorough cleaning.

It is time that we gave the house a thorough cleaning.

7）It + be + the first/second time that…(谓语动词用完成时态）

eg: It is the first time in history that two Nobel Prizes have been awarded to the same person.

8）It takes sb. time to do… eg: It took Mary 20 minutes to choose a suitable dress for the party.

十一、复 合 句

复合句是近十几年高考的重点、考点之一。它不仅在单项填空中考查，而且在短文改错中占很大比重；同时，在完形填空、阅读理解中也直接或间接被考查。对复合句掌握的好坏能反映考生英语综合能力的情况。

根据从句在句子中的作用，复合句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。

一、名词性从句和定语从句

【考点点拨】

名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

近几年高考对名词性从句的考查重点如下：

【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。

1． that 引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。

① ______ made the school proud was _______ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春季)

A. What / because B. What / that C. That / what D. That / because

2．that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略, 但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。

如：She said (that) she had left school and that her parents would find her a job.

② Word comes ________ a group of Australian guests will come to visit our school next week.

A. that B. which C. 不填 D. about which (2005天津·2月)

3．介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。

③ The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed.

A. as B. which C. what D. that (2004上海春季)

④ _____ the flight to New York will be delayed is ____ I’m especially worried about. (2003南京)

A. If ; what B. Whether ; that C. When ; that D. Whether ; what

【考点3】在动词：一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest，advise，propose）、四要求（demand，require，request，ask）后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用（should）do形式。

⑤ I advised that he _____ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _____ quite well then.

A. be sent; was feeling B. was sent; sent

C. be sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel (2005年山东·2月)

【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。

⑥ They are teachers and don’t realize ______ to start and run a company. (2004 黄冈)

A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takes

【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与no matter who / which / what/ when/ where / how 替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。

⑦ —— Have a nice trip!

—— Thanks. I’ll telephone you from _____ I get to by tomorrow evening. (2004 广州)

A. wherever B. every place C. whenever D. no matter where

定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。

高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：

【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。

⑧ I shall never forget the day _____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life.

A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that (2004北京东城)

【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。

指人时常只用who不用that的情况；

指物时只用which不用that的情况；

只用that不用which的情况；

关系代词as与which的用法区别；

the same … that … 与the same … as …的区别

⑨ There is no such place ______ you dream of in all this world. (2004北京西城·5月)

A. that B. what C. which D. as

【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。

比较：

The news that they had won the game arrived soon.

The news that you told me yesterday is true.

⑩ Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春季)

A. he explained B. what he explained

C. how he explained D. why he explained

【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。

⑾ He is the only one of the students who ________ a winner of scholarship in three years.

A. is B. are C. have been D. has been (2002上海春季)

【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。

如：That was the reason (that) / why / for which he left home.

⑿ What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it. (2004湖北)

A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which

【趋势】近几年高考对名词性从句的考查日趋灵活，多以考查名词性从句的引导词为主，并且常与定语从句和状语从句等相关知识结合起来考查。

二、状语从句

【要点点拨】

近几年高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：

【考点1】when，while与as的用法

均可表示“当……的时候”，但有区别：

when：既可接表示动作性或短暂性的动词，也可接表示状态的动词，不强调主从句谓语动作同时发生。有时还有“这时”的意思。

while：常接持续性的动词，强调主从句谓语动作同时发生，常用进行时。有时还有对比意义，意为“然而”。

as：强调同时发生或伴随进行。常用一般现在时或过去时，意为“一边……一边……”。有时还有“随着”含义。

① I do every single bit of housework ________ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.

A. since B. while C. when D. as (2004广西)

【考点2】“一……就……”几种表达法

once，as soon as，the moment / minute，immediately / directly / instantly引导的从句常用一般现在时或过去时。

hardly / scarcely … when…和no sooner … than …结构中，前句常用过去完成式（常用部分倒装形式），后句用过去式。

On doing sth.，each / every / the first / the last + time 后也可直接接从句，一起作时间状语。

② —— Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?

—— Yes. I gave it to her _____ I saw her. (2004北京西城)

A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once

【考点3】because，as，since与for的用法比较

because：表示直接的原因或理由。用于回答Why的问题。because与so不能同时并列使用。

since：表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由。译为“既然”。

as：表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系。

for：常出现在并列句中，不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些补充说明，且不可位于句首。

③ _______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (2004江苏启东)

A. For B. Since C. When D. while

【考点4】no matter后可接who，whom，whose，which，what，when，where，how，whether

引导的让步主语从句可用whoever，whomever，whenever，whichever，whatever，wherever，

however替换，但在ever引导其它从句时不可用no matter引导。

④ _______, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. (2004上海春季)

A. However the study is amusing B. No matter amusing the story is

C. However amusing the story is D. No matter how the story is amusing

【考点5】until / till的用法

⑤ It was __________ back home after the experiment. (2004湖北)

A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go

C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn’t go

⑥ ——Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?

—— Yes. He had never praised him ______ he became one of the top students in the grade.

A. after B. unless C. until D. when (2003北京春季)

【考点6】引导让步主语从句应注意等几个问题

1．由although / though ， even if / though引导

注意although / though 引导从句时，主句不能用but，但可用yet或still。

2．由whether … or (not) 引导

3．由though或as引导的倒装句中。

4．though用作副词，可位于句末，并用逗号分开。

⑦ —— Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.

—— Good, and _______ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me. (2003上海)

A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter

【考点7】before用法

注意before在下列句型中的使用

It will be + 一段时间 + before + 从句

It won’t be long before + 从句

before一词在不同的句型中就有不同的意思，如：“在……之前”、“过了……才”、“没……就”、“不知不觉就……”等。

⑧ It will be a long time _____ Mr. Black ______ back abroad. (2002湖北八校)

A. before; comes B. since; has come

C. before; will come D. after; will come

【考点8】where引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句的区别

⑨ ——I have learned that a large new building will be set up ______ the Twin Towers once stood.

—— So have I. But the American people haven’t yet got over the shock of September 11.

A. where B. when C. which D. that (2004江苏南通)

【考点9】so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句

⑩ Roses need special care ________ they can live through winter. (2004全国卷)

A. because B. so that C. even if D. as

【考点10】状语从句的省略用法

1．当when，while，if，unless引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致，且谓语部分由be动词构成（或者从句中有it is…）时，可省略主语和be动词（或省略it is）。

2．在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有had，should，were时，可省略if，用“had，should，were + 主语”形式。

3． 以as，than引导的比较状语从句可全部或部分省去。

4．as if 和as though 从句可用省略形式，后接不定式、分词、形容词和介词。

⑾ The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002)

A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

⑿ Generally speaking, _____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003上海)

A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

十二、 简 单 句

【要点提示】

1、感叹句：感叹句有两个基本句式句式：

1）What + N. phrase + subject + be / v. !

这里的名词短语有以下三种可能：a、 a / an + adj. + 名词单数 b、adj. + 名词复数 c、adj. + 不可数名词

e.g. What a lovely boy he is! What sweet flowers they are!

What cold weather it is!

2) How + adj. + the + N.(单数、复数、不可数)+ subject + be / link-v.

e.g. How lovely the boy is! How sweet the flowers are!

How could the weather is! How smooth the silk feels!

另：上两种感叹句可以相互转换

有时, 在上下文明确的情况下，可以省略How后面的形容词。

e.g. How (fast / well)the students work! How well / beautifully)she sings!

2、反意疑问句：

1) 反意疑问句一般遵循：前面肯定，反意部分否定、前面否定反意部分肯定的原则。

e.g. He likes playing football, doesn’t he?

You don’t watch TV in the evening, do you?

注：a、当前否后肯时，要注意它的答局的意思。

e.g. She doesn’t speak English, does she?

Yes, she does.(不，她讲英语的) No, she doesn’t. (是的，不讲)

2）祈使句的反意部分用won’t you?/ shan’t we? 或will you?/ shall we? 但常用will you?/ shall we?

e.g Lend me a hand, will you? Let us pass through the room, will you?

Don’t make any noise, will you? Let’s play tennis now, shall we?

3）含有否定意思的副词：hardly、no、not、never、seldom、little、scarcely 等，属于准否定词，用于句中时，该句即为否定句。

e.g. He hardly goes home on Sundays, does he?

The little boy seldom tells lies, does he?

但是像unfair、useless、impossible、dislike等词，虽然也有否定意思，但由于它们是在一个词前加前缀dis- / im- / un- 等或在词后加后缀 -less构成的，不属于准否定词。当这些词用于句中时，该句并不是否定句，即：反意部分仍然用否定式。

e.g. You dislike the way he speaks, don’t you?

It is impossible to finish the work in three hours, isn’t it?

4) must 表示推测时，反意部分用must后面的动词的相应助动词形式。

e.g. He must know both English and French, doesn’t he?

She must have know the answer to the question, hasn’t she?

They must have visited the farm last week, didn’t they?

注意：a、Let me引起的祈使句，反意部分用will you? / won’t you? / may I。

b、当陈述部分的主语是：—body或—one 构成的不定代词时，反意部分的主语用he或they；是—thing 时，用it。

c、I am ….. 的反意部分用aren’t I?

3、双宾语：有些英语动词可以接双宾语，句式为： subject + vt. + sb.(间接宾语)+ sth.（直接宾语） 英语中，能接双宾语的常用动词有：ask、promise、cause、play、leave、make、do、bring、buy、reach、order、teach、offer、serve、show、tell、wish…. 。

e.g. Can I ask you a question, Sir? She made me a model ship for my birthday.

注：带双宾语的句子可以被改为 subject + vt. + sth(直接宾语)+ 介词 + sb. 的形式。

其中的介词，常用的有：to、 for、 of ….。

另还有：play a joke / trick on sb ; play a game with / against sb.

e.g. Excuse me, you demand too much from / of me.

May I ask a question of you?

4、句型：Subject + link-v. + n. / adj.

在该句型中的系动词有特定含义，有“人称、数、时态”等形式变化。常用的有：

显得：look , appear , seem

变得：become , come , fall , get , go , grow , run , turn

持续是：continue , keep , remain , stand , stay

听（闻、尝、摸）起来：sound, smell, taste, feel

证明是：prove

e.g. His words proved right. The dish smells wonderful.

5、有些动词不表示动作，而表示事物的特性，用主动形式表示被动含义，这类动词有： wash, write, sell, drive, feel, hang….等。

e.g. Some pictures are hanging on the wall.

This kind of car drive smooth and fast.

The pen writes well so sells well.

十三、习惯用法

【要点点拨】

It’s the first time that……….(从句中用现在完成时)

It was for the first time that………(强调句，对状语for the first time进行强调)

It’s (high) time that……..(从句中用过去时或should do)

It’s the same with sb. / So it is with sb.表示某人也如此（用于前句中既有肯定又有否定或两个不同类的谓语动词）

3.…be about to do / be doing……when…….正要做/正在做……就在那时…….

A is twice / three times as +原级+as B

A is twice / three times the n. of B.

A is twice / three times +比较级+than B

5. It’s a waste of time / money doing / to do…

….It’s no use / good doing………

It’s possible / probable / (un) likely that……….

It makes great / no sense to do……做某事很有/没意义

6. There’s no use / good doing…….

There’s no sense / point (in) doing……

There is no need for sth. / to do…….

There is (no) possibility that…………（同位语从句）

7.The+比较级…….., the+比较级………越…….., 越…….

注意：前半句为从句，用一般现在时代替将来时；

8.It seems / appears ( to sb. ) that sb…….在某人看来某人………

.= Sb. seems / appears to be / to do / to be doing / to have done……..

It seems / looks as if……….好象/似乎……..

9.It (so) happened that sb. ……..某人碰巧……..

= Sb. happened to be / to do / to be doing / to have done…..

10.It is said / thought / believed / hoped / supposed …….that sb………

=Sb. is said to be / to do / to be doing / to have done……….(注意：这种句型里如带动词hope则不能变成简单句，因为无hope sb. to do结构)

12…….such…….that…….如此…….以致于（引导结果状语从句）

…….such……..as……像……..的这种……(as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句里充当主、宾、表)

13. Do you mind if I do sth.? / Would you mind if I did sth.?

14. The chance is that……../ (The )Chances are that……….很可能…….

15.Check / Make sure / See to it / See that……..(从句中常用一般现在时) 确信/务必……..

16. depend on it that……..取决于

see to it that…….负责/设法做到…….

注意：除了except / but / in等介词可以直接接that从句，其它介词后必须用it做形式宾语；

17．It is / was +介词短语/ 从句/ 名词/代词等+that………

How / When / Where / Why is / was it that………..?

注意：此句型为强调句，当被强调的为表示人的词时，还可用who连接；强调主语时，从句后的谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致；注意与定语从句的区别）

18.How is it that……..（这几个句型都表示“怎么会…….?” “怎么发生的？”）

How come+从句？

How does / did sth. come about? ( How did it come about that…….?)

如:How come you are late again?

19.There seems / appears / happens to be / must be / can’t be / is (are, was, were) said to be / is (are, was, were) thought to be…….

表示 “.似乎有/碰巧有/一定有/不可能有/ 据说有/认为有……..”

介词（如of ）there being

want / wish / expect there to be要/希望/期待有……..

adj. / adv. enough for there to be…….足够…….会有…….

注意：there being / there to be为there be的非谓语形式；It is said / thought that there is / are……=There is / was / are / were said (thought) to be……. 如：

I have never dream of there being such a good chance for me.

It won’t be cold enough for there to be a frost tonight.

20. 疑问词+插入语+陈述语序？

Who do you think he’ll have attend the meeting?

21. But for+n. / pron., sb. / sth. would (not) have done…..要不是……., 某人早就……(表示虚拟语气)=If it had not been for…..,……./ If there had not been ……., ……..

22. It won(’t) be long be fore +从句（从句中用一般现在时）不久/很久就要…….

It was (not) long before+从句（从句中用一般过去时）不久/很久才……..

23.Those who………….(从句及主句中谓语动词用复数形式).

Anyone who…………= Whoever………..(从句及主句中谓语动词用单数形式)

24…….主句（一般现在时或过去时）……when从句….(might / should do 或might / should have done) 表示”对比”,意思为 “本该……(可)而却”,主句中为陈述语气,从句里为虚拟语气,如:

Why are you here when you should be in school?你本该上学的怎么在这儿?

He stopped trying when he might have succeeded .本该已成功了他却停止努力了.

25. There is ./ Sb. have no doubt that………(同位语从句,that不可省略)

There is / Sb. have some doubt whether……..(同位语从句不可用if)

Sb. doubt if / whether…….

Sb. don’t doubt that………

26. immediately / directly / instantly / the moment +从句

on / upon + n. / doing

No sooner had sb. done than …….(过去时)

Hardly had sb. done when……..(过去时)

注意：这几个结构都表示“一…….就”；

27.every time / each time / the last time / the first time / next time +从句（名词性短语引导一个时间状语从句）

anywhere / everywhere +从句（相当于wherever引导的地点状语从句）

You can go anywhere you like.

Next time you come, please bring your son along.

28.If only / I wish +从句(用过去类时态) 表示虚拟语气, “要是…….就好了” “但愿……就好了!”

29.Considering + n. 或 pron. 或 that从句 / Seeing that……….考虑到/鉴于…….

Given + n. / pron作状语,表示 “在有……的情况下” “如果有” “假定”,有时也表示”考虑到”

Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there is no reason why we should help him now.

Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.

Given their inexperience / that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.

30.There was a time when…….曾经有那么一度……….

31.other than与no, not, none等否定词连用,表示肯定意思,如:

It was none other than Mr. Smith.这正是Smith先生.

32. Not until…….did / do/ does / will sb. do……

It was / is not until ……that sb………

33.It’s (un) like sb. to do / to have done……做某事很像某人/ 做某事可不像某人

34.It remains to be seen Wh–words ……..是否…….还有待于看.(不用that, if作连接词)

35.It only remains for sb. to do……剩下的只是要某人做某事.

We’ve got everything ready. It only remains for you to come to dinner.

36.One moment……., and now………刚才一会儿还在做……而现在却……..

37.Not all / both / everyone………表示部分否定

38. Such is / are……..这(些)就是…….(谓语动词单复数由后面名词决定)

39. I’d rather (not) do / have done……我宁愿…..

I’d rather +从句（从句中用过去时或过去完成时）

40. It’s important / necessary / strange / surprising….+that……(用陈述语气或should do)

41. I like / hate / appreciate it that / when等从句 (it表示后面从句的这种情况)

I appreciate it if you will give me a hand.

42. By the time +从句（一般现在时/过去时），主句（将来完成时/过去完成时）

43………., as is often the case with sb. / as is usual with sb.(as引导非限制性定语从句)

44 in case / lest / for fear that…….(从句中用陈述语气或should do)

45.While置于句首可表示As long as 或 Although

While there is life there is hope.

While I admit his good points, I can see his bad ones.

46. can not ( never) ……too +adj. (adv. ) / adj. (adv.) + enough “越……越好”“非常”

too + adj. ( anxious / eager / willing / ready / glad等)+to do….表示肯定意思

I can’t thank you enough.我非常感激你.

He was too glad to see his father.=He was very glad to see his father.

47. not / neve等表示否定的词与比较级连用表示最高级，如：

—–Do you agree with his suggestion? ——-I can’t agree more.

48. What if……..要是…….怎么办？

What if he doesn’t come tomorrow?

49. more……..than与其…….不如……..

He is more nervous than frightened.

50. It is / has been +一段时间+since从句(从句中如为延续性动词,则实际表示的意思相反)

It is two years since he drank.他不喝酒已两年了.

十四、交际用语

易错常考的日常交际用语

1. 问候和应答

A: How are you doing? B: Fine, thank you. / Just so-so.

A: Please remember me to your parents. B: Sure, I will.

2. 介绍和应答

A: This is Mr./ Mrs./ Miss/ Ms Brown. B: Hello!/ How do you do ?/ Nice to meet you!

3. 告别

See you (later)! / Good night!( cf. Good evening!)/ Nice seeing you.

4. 感谢和应答

A: Many thanks!/ Thanks for your help!/ I appreciate your help!

B: That’s all right (OK). / You are welcome./ Don’t mention it./ It’s a pleasure./ My pleasure.

(cf. With pleasure. 用于回答对方的求助、邀请)

5. 道歉和应答

A: I’ m sorry.

B: That’s all right (OK.). / It doesn’t matter./ Never mind./ That’s nothing./ Forget it.

6. 邀请和应答

A: Would you like to…?

B: Yes, I'd love to. / Yes, with pleasure./ Yes, it's very kind ( nice )of you. / I'd love to, but I have other plans.

7. 请求允许和应答

A: Could I smoke here? / I wonder if I could smoke here.

B: Yes (Certainly). / Yes, do please. / Of course you may. / That's OK (all right). / I'm sorry, but it is not allowed / You'd better not.

A: Do you mind if I open the window?

B: Not at all./ Of course not./ Certainly not./ I’m sorry, but you’d better not.

8. 祝愿、祝贺和应答

A: Good luck! / Best wishes to you. / Have a nice / good time. / Congratulations! / Have a good journey.!

B: Thank you.

A: Happy New Year! / Merry Christmas! / Happy birthday to you.

B: The same to you.

9. 提供帮助和应答

A: Can I help you? / Would you like some help?

B: Thanks. That would be nice / Yes, please. / No, thank you all (just) the same. / No, thank you anyway./ That's very kind of you, but I can manage it myself.

A: What can I do for you? B: I’d like to go to the No. 3 Middle School.

10. 约会

A: Shall we meet at 4:30 ? / Let’s make it 4:00. B: All right. See you then.

11. 打电话

A: Hello! May I speak to Tom? B: Hold on, please.

A: Is that Mary speaking? B: She isn't here right now. Can I take a message for you?

12.就餐

A: Would you like some more meat? / Help yourself to some more meat.

B: Thank you. I've had enough. / Just a little, please.

13. 看病

A: What’s the matter? / What seems to be the trouble?

B: I don’t feel like eating./ I've got a cough. / I feel terrible （bad）. / I don't feel well. / I've got a pain here. / It hurts here.

购物

A: What can I do for you? / May (Can I )help you? B: I'd like to buy a dictionary.

A: How about this one? B: That's fine. I'll take it.

15. 问路和应答

A: Excuse me. Where's the washroom? / Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the post office?

B: Go down this street. Turn right / left at the second crossing.

Sorry, I don’t know. I am a stranger here.

16. 谈论天气

A: What's the weather like today? / How's the weather in Beijing?

B: It's fine / cloudy / windy / rainy, etc. / It's rather warm (cold / hot). today, isn't it?

17. 处理交际中的障碍

Pardon.! / I beg your pardon. / Please say that again( more slowly.) What do you mean by…. ? / I'm sorry I can't follow you.

18. 提醒注意

You can’t ( mustn’t) smoke here. / No smoking!/ Wet paint!/ Mind your head (step) /

Take care!/ Be careful!/ Look out!

19. 同意和不同意

Certainly / Sure / Of course. / Yes, please. / That's a good idea. / I agree

No, I don't think so. / I'm afraid not. / I really can't agree with you. / No way (决不,没门)

20 时间或日期和应答

A: What time is it now? / What's the time? B: It's about three.

A: What day is it today? B: It's Wednesday.

A: Excuse me. Have you got the time? B: Yes, it's six twenty.

还得什么，赶紧拿出身边的英语笔记本记下来，考试的时候考到了，可不要怪我没有提醒哦！