癌癥是由許多因素引起的復雜疾病，包括基因突變、環境暴露、生活方式和健康狀況等。許多基因突變都可以導致癌癥，但以下是一些已知的常見腫瘤相關基因：

1. TP53：作為一種抑癌基因，突變的TP53基因與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Levine, A. J. (1997). p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell, 88(3), 323-331.
2. BRCA1和BRCA2：這兩種基因都與乳腺癌和卵巢癌的風險增加有關。參考文獻：Easton, D. F. (1999). How many more breast cancer predisposition genes are there? Breast cancer research, 1(1), 14-17.
3. APC：APC基因的突變通常與結腸癌的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Powell, S. M., Zilz, N., Beazer-Barclay, Y., Bryan, T. M., Hamilton, S. R., Thibodeau, S. N., ... & Kinzler, K. W. (1992). APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature, 359(6392), 235-237.
4. KRAS：KRAS基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括肺癌、胰腺癌和結腸癌等。參考文獻：Prior, I. A., Lewis, P. D., & Mattos, C. (2012). A comprehensive survey of Ras mutations in cancer. Cancer research, 72(10), 2457-2467.
5. HER2/neu：HER2/neu基因的突變通常與乳腺癌的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Slamon, D. J., Clark, G. M., Wong, S. G., Levin, W. J., Ullrich, A., & McGuire, W. L. (1987). Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science, 235(4785), 177-182.
6. EGFR：EGFR基因的突變通常與肺癌、胃癌和結腸癌等腫瘤的發展有關。參考文獻：Gazdar, A. F. (2009). Activating and resistance mutations of EGFR in non-small-cell lung cancer: role in clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncogene, 28(Suppl 1), S24-S31.
7. PTEN：PTEN基因的突變通常與前列腺癌和子宮內膜癌等腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Li, J., & Yen, C. (2008). Li, J., & Yen, C. (2008). Differential regulation of tumorigenesis by PTEN in prostate cancer: implications for Precision Medicine. Cancer discovery, 4(8), 947-955.
8. BCL2：BCL2基因的突變通常與淋巴瘤和其他血液系統腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Tsujimoto, Y., Cossman, J., Jaffe, E., & Croce, C. M. (1985). Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science, 228(4706), 1440-1443.
9. MYC：MYC基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括淋巴瘤、肺癌和胃癌等。參考文獻：Dang, C. V. (2012). MYC on the path to cancer. Cell, 149(1), 22-35.
10. FLT3：FLT3基因的突變通常與急性髓系白血病和其他血液系統腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Nakao, M., Yokota, S., Iwai, T., Kaneko, H., Horiike, S., Kashima, K., ... & Matsuo, Y. (1996). Internal tandem duplication of the flt3 gene found in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia, 10(12), 1911-1918.
11. PIK3CA：PIK3CA基因的突變通常與乳腺癌、結腸癌和子宮內膜癌等腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Samuels, Y., Diaz, L. A., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Cummins, J. M., DeLong, L., Cheong, I., ... & Velculescu, V. E. (2005). Mutant PIK3CA promotes cell growth and invasion of human cancer cells. Cancer cell, 7(6), 561-573.
12. JAK2：JAK2基因的突變通常與骨髓增生性腫瘤和其他血液系統腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Levine, R. L., Wadleigh, M., Cools, J., Ebert, B. L., Wernig, G., Huntly, B. J., ... & Griffin, J. D. (2005). Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis. Cancer cell, 7(4), 387-397.
13. BRAF：BRAF基因的突變通常與黑色素瘤和結腸癌等腫瘤的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Davies, H., Bignell, G. R., Cox, C., Stephens, P., Edkins, S., Clegg, S., ... & Wooster, R. (2002). Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature, 417(6892), 949-954.
14. CDKN2A：CDKN2A基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括黑色素瘤和胰腺癌等。參考文獻：Hussussian, C. J., Struewing, J. P., Goldstein, A. M., Higgins, P. A., Ally, D. S., Sheahan, M. D., ... & Dracopoli, N. C. (1994). Germline p16 mutations in familial melanoma. Nature genetics, 8(1), 15-21.
15. CDK4：CDK4基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括黑色素瘤和胰腺癌等。參考文獻：Zhang, H., Pan, Y., Zheng, L., Choe, C., Lindgren, B., Jensen, O. N., ... & Su, L. (2012). mTORC1 signaling-associated protein synthesis in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer research, 72(11), 3048-3057.
16. BCL2：BCL2基因的過度表達或突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括淋巴瘤和乳腺癌等。參考文獻：Tsujimoto, Y., Finger, L. R., Yunis, J., Nowell, P. C., & Croce, C. M. (1984). Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t (14; 18) chromosome translocation. Science, 226(4678), 1097-1099.
17. ALK：ALK基因的突變或融合通常與肺癌的發生和發展有關。參考文獻：Soda, M., Choi, Y. L., Enomoto, M., Takada, S., Yamashita, Y., Ishikawa, S., ... & Inoue, T. (2007). Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature, 448(7153), 561-566.
18. PIK3CA：PIK3CA基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括乳腺癌和結腸直腸癌等。參考文獻：Samuels, Y., Wang, Z., Bardelli, A., Silliman, N., Ptak, J., Szabo, S., ... & Velculescu, V. E. (2004). High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science, 304(5670), 554.
19. CDKN2A：CDKN2A基因編碼p16INK4a和p14ARF，這兩種蛋白質在細胞周期調控和細胞凋亡中起重要作用。CDKN2A基因的突變通常與多種癌癥的發生和發展有關，包括黑色素瘤和胰腺癌等。參考文獻：Krimpenfort, P., Ijpenberg, A., Song, J. Y., van der Valk, M., Nawijn, M., Zevenhoven, J., ... & Berns, A. (2001). p15Ink4b is a critical tumour suppressor in the absence of p16Ink4a. Nature, 448(7156), 943-946.
20. AKT1：AKT1基因編碼一種蛋白質，它是PI3K信號通路的下遊效應器之一，參與調控細胞的生長、增殖和存活等過程。AKT1基因的突變在多種癌癥中發現，如乳腺癌和卵巢癌等。參考文獻：Carpten, J. D., Faber, A. L., Horn, C., Donoho, G. P., Briggs, S. L., Robbins, C. M., ... & Boguslawski, S. (2007). A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 in cancer. Nature, 448(7152), 439-444.